app: BaseApplication: Remove setup_routes method

Originally, I envisioned the `BaseApplication` class calling its
`setup_routes` method to set up the request dispatcher, eliminating the
need for subclasses to explicitly call it. This is unlikely to work,
however, as it will end up being called too early, as there will not yet
have been a chance to update the application configuration dictionary.
If any controller callables use the application configuration when they
are initialized, they will not have correct information.

As such, I decided to go ahead and remove this method and let subclasses
implement and call it when it makes sense.

.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/build/
+/dist/
+*.egg-info/
+__pycache__/
+*.py[co]

.hgignore

@@ -4,3 +4,4 @@ syntax: regexp
 .*\.egg-info/
 .*\.swp
 .*\.py[co]
+^\.coverage$

.hgtags

@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
 b3553fb88649e28a7fae7c1ce348625b38d06b65 0.1
 e7c7497afb2137fec4445e4d04c6d7405f0fa289 0.1.2
+2d04d03ce334502eff4e07fd36f6536ded58a2d3 0.2
+3b8acd86b010ac48b99dfa95859f6522073c142a 0.2.1

doc/changelog.rst

@@ -2,6 +2,28 @@
 Change Log
 ==========
 
+0.3
+===
+
+* Removed dependency on *setuptools* (`Issue #4`_)
+* Added support for classes as request validators (as opposed to entry point
+  names)
+* Added ability to customize applications by overriding methods:
+
+  * :py:meth:`~milla.app.Application.make_request`
+  * :py:meth:`~milla.app.Application.resolve_path`
+  * :py:meth:`~milla.app.Application.handle_error`
+
+* Added :py:class:`~milla.controllers.HTTPVerbController`
+* Removed deprecated ``milla.cli``
+* Removed deprecated ``milla.dispatch.routing.Generator``
+
+0.2.1
+=====
+
+* Fixed trailing slash redirect with empty path inf (`Issue #7`_)
+* Fixed a compatibility issue with some servers and ``HEAD`` responses
+* Allow specifying ``allowed_methods`` on controller classes
 
 0.2
 ===
@@ -37,3 +59,5 @@ Initial release
 
 .. _Issue #1: https://bitbucket.org/AdmiralNemo/milla/issue/1
 .. _Issue #5: https://bitbucket.org/AdmiralNemo/milla/issue/5
+.. _Issue #7: https://bitbucket.org/AdmiralNemo/milla/issue/7
+.. _Issue #4: https://bitbucket.org/AdmiralNemo/milla/issue/4

doc/conf.py

@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ master_doc = 'index'
 
 # General information about the project.
 project = u'Milla'
-copyright = u'2011-2013 Dustin C. Hatch'
+copyright = u'2011-2015 Dustin C. Hatch'
 
 # The version info for the project you're documenting, acts as replacement for
 # |version| and |release|, also used in various other places throughout the
 # built documents.
 #
 # The short X.Y version.
-version = '0.2'
+version = '1.0'
 # The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags.
 release = version
 

doc/reference/vary.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+==========
+milla.vary
+==========
+
+.. automodule:: milla.vary
+   :members:

setup.cfg

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[egg_info]
+tag_build = dev

setup.py

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ if sys.version_info < (2, 7):
 
 setup(
     name='Milla',
-    version='0.2',
+    version='1.0',
     description='Lightweight WSGI framework for web applications',
     long_description='''\
 Milla is a simple WSGI framework for Python web applications. It is mostly
@@ -45,8 +45,5 @@ I use for web applications in the future.
         'milla.request_validator': [
             'default = milla.auth:RequestValidator'
         ],
-        'console_scripts': [
-            'milla-cli = milla.cli:main'
-        ],
     }
 )

src/milla/__init__.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # Copyright 2011 Dustin C. Hatch
-# 
+#
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 # You may obtain a copy of the License at
-# 
+#
 #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-# 
+#
 # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
@@ -21,17 +21,34 @@ from webob.exc import *
 import webob
 try:
     import urllib.parse
-except ImportError: #pragma: no cover
+except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
     import urllib
     import urlparse
     urllib.parse = urlparse
-    urllib.parse.urlencode = urllib.urlencode #@UndefinedVariable
+    urllib.parse.urlencode = urllib.urlencode
+
+
+class _AllowAll(object):
+
+    def __contains__(self, other):
+        return True
+
+
+ALL_METHODS = _AllowAll()
+'''Allow all HTTP methods (even non-standard ones)'''
+
+DEFAULT_METHODS = ['GET', 'HEAD']
+'''Default methods allowed on controller callables'''
+
+STANDARD_METHODS = ['OPTIONS', 'GET', 'HEAD', 'POST', 'PUT', 'DELETE', 'TRACE']
+'''All standard HTTP methods'''
+
 
 def allow(*methods):
     '''Specify the allowed HTTP verbs for a controller callable
-    
+
     Example::
-    
+
         @milla.allow('GET', 'POST')
         def controller(request):
             return 'Hello, world!'
@@ -56,12 +73,12 @@ class Request(webob.Request):
 
     @classmethod
     def blank(cls, path, *args, **kwargs):
-        '''Create a simple request for the specified path 
+        '''Create a simple request for the specified path
-        
+
         See :py:meth:`webob.Request.blank <webob.request.BaseRequest.blank>`
         for information on other arguments and keywords
         '''
-        
+
         req = super(Request, cls).blank(path, *args, **kwargs)
         req.config = {}
         return req
@@ -73,7 +90,7 @@ class Request(webob.Request):
 
         Any other keyword arguments will be encoded and appended to the URL
         as querystring arguments.
-        
+
         The HREF returned will will be the absolute path on the same host
         and protocol as the request. To get the full URL including scheme
         and host information, use :py:meth:`create_href_full` instead.
@@ -88,22 +105,22 @@ class Request(webob.Request):
 
     def create_href_full(self, path, **keywords):
         '''Combine the application's full URL with a path to form a new URL
-        
+
         :param path: relative path to join with the request URL
-        
+
         Any other keyword arguments will be encoded and appended to the
         URL as querystring arguments/
-        
+
         The HREF returned will be the full URL, including scheme and host
         information. To get the path only, use :py:meth:`create_href`
         instead.
         '''
-        
+
         url = self._merge_url(self.application_url, path)
-        
+
         if keywords:
             url += '?' + urllib.parse.urlencode(keywords)
-        
+
         return url
 
     def static_resource(self, path):

src/milla/app.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# Copyright 2011 Dustin C. Hatch
+# Copyright 2011, 2012, 2014-2016 Dustin C. Hatch
 #
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
@@ -13,22 +13,198 @@
 # limitations under the License.
 '''Module milla.app
 
-Please give me a docstring!
+The :py:class:`BaseApplication` class is the core of the Milla
+framework. This class implements a WSGI application that dispatches
+requests to callables based on their URL-path.
+
+Most applications can use :py:class:`Application` directly, without
+creating a sub-class. For advanced use, applications can define a
+sub-class of :py:class:`BaseApplication` and customize the behavior of
+the framework.
 
 :Created: Mar 26, 2011
 :Author: dustin
-:Updated: $Date$
-:Updater: $Author$
 '''
 
+from milla import util
 from milla.controllers import FaviconController
-from milla.util import asbool
 from webob.exc import HTTPNotFound, WSGIHTTPException, HTTPMethodNotAllowed
 import milla.dispatch.traversal
+import os
+import sys
 
-__all__ = ['Application']
 
-class Application(object):
+__all__ = [
+    'Application',
+    'BaseApplication',
+]
+
+
+try:
+    # In Python 2, it could be a str or a unicode object
+    _string = basestring
+except NameError:
+    # In Python 3, we are only interested in str objects
+    _string = str
+
+
+class BaseApplication(object):
+    '''Base class for Milla applications
+
+    This class can be used by applications that need to customize the
+    behavior of the framework. In most cases, :py:class:`Application`
+    instances can be created directly and a sublcass is not necessary.
+    '''
+
+    DEFAULT_CONFIG = {}
+
+    #: Enable HTTP method emulation for POST requests?
+    post_method_emulation = True
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.config = self.DEFAULT_CONFIG.copy()
+        self.dispatcher = None
+
+    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
+        start_response = StartResponseWrapper(start_response)
+        func = self.resolve_path(environ['PATH_INFO'])
+        request = self.make_request(environ)
+        request.__dict__['start_response'] = start_response
+
+        try:
+            allowed_methods = self._find_attr(func, 'allowed_methods')
+        except AttributeError:
+            allowed_methods = milla.DEFAULT_METHODS
+        if request.method == 'HEAD':
+            request.real_method = 'HEAD'
+            request.method = 'GET'
+        else:
+            request.real_method = request.method
+        if request.method not in allowed_methods:
+            allow_header = {'Allow': ', '.join(allowed_methods)}
+            if request.method == 'OPTIONS':
+                def func(request):
+                    response = request.ResponseClass()
+                    response.headers = allow_header
+                    return response
+            else:
+                def func(request):
+                    raise HTTPMethodNotAllowed(headers=allow_header)
+
+        try:
+            self._call_before(func)(request)
+            response = func(request)
+        except:
+            response = self.handle_error(request)
+        finally:
+            self._call_after(func)(request)
+
+        # The callable might have returned just a string, which is OK,
+        # but we need to wrap it in a Response object
+        if isinstance(response, _string) or not response:
+            response = request.ResponseClass(response)
+
+        return response(environ, start_response)
+
+    def _call_after(self, func):
+        try:
+            return self._find_attr(func, '__after__')
+        except AttributeError:
+            return lambda r: None
+
+    def _call_before(self, func):
+        try:
+            return self._find_attr(func, '__before__')
+        except AttributeError:
+            return lambda r: None
+
+    def _find_attr(self, obj, attr):
+        try:
+            # Object has the specified attribute itself
+            return getattr(obj, attr)
+        except AttributeError:
+            # Object is a bound method; look for the attribute on the instance
+            if hasattr(obj, '__self__'):
+                return self._find_attr(obj.__self__, attr)
+            # Object is a partial; look for the attribute on the inner function
+            elif hasattr(obj, 'func'):
+                return self._find_attr(obj.func, attr)
+            raise
+
+    def update_config(self, filename):
+        '''Update application configuration from a file
+
+        :param filename: Path to configuration file
+
+        This method will update the application configuration using
+        the values found in the specified configuration file. If the
+        specified file does not exist or is not accessible, no
+        changes will be made.
+
+        The configuration file will be read using
+        :py:func:`milla.util.read_config`.
+        '''
+
+        if filename and os.access(filename, os.R_OK):
+            self.config.update(util.read_config(filename))
+
+    def make_request(self, environ):
+        '''Create a :py:class:`~milla.Request` from a WSGI environment
+
+        :param environ: WSGI environment dictionary
+        :returns: :py:class:`milla.Request` object for this request
+        '''
+
+        request = milla.Request(environ)
+        request.__dict__['config'] = self.config.copy()
+        # Sometimes, hacky applications will try to "emulate" some HTTP
+        # methods like PUT or DELETE by specifying an _method parameter
+        # in a POST request.
+        if self.post_method_emulation:
+            if request.method == 'POST' and '_method' in request.POST:
+                request.method = request.POST.pop('_method')
+        return request
+
+    def resolve_path(self, path_info):
+        '''Find the controller for a given path
+
+        :param path_info: The request path, relative to the application
+        :returns: Controller callable
+
+        If no controller could be resolved for the path, a function
+        that raises :py:exc:`HTTPNotFound` will be returned.
+        '''
+
+        def path_not_found(request):
+            raise HTTPNotFound
+
+        path_not_found.allowed_methods = milla.ALL_METHODS
+
+        try:
+            return self.dispatcher.resolve(path_info)
+        except milla.dispatch.UnresolvedPath:
+            if (path_info == '/favicon.ico' and
+                    util.asbool(self.config.get('milla.favicon'))):
+                return FaviconController()
+            else:
+                return path_not_found
+
+    def handle_error(self, request):
+        '''Handle errors raised by controller callables
+
+        Subclasses can override this method to customize the error
+        handling behavior of applications. The default implementation
+        only handles :py:exc:`WSGIHTTPException` exceptions, by calling
+        them as WSGI applications
+        '''
+
+        typ, value, tb = sys.exc_info()
+        if issubclass(typ, WSGIHTTPException):
+            return value
+        raise
+
+
+class Application(BaseApplication):
     '''Represents a Milla web application
 
     Constructing an ``Application`` instance needs a dispatcher, or
@@ -46,100 +222,17 @@ class Application(object):
        configuration is copied and assigned to ``request.config``.
     '''
 
-    DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS = ['GET', 'HEAD']
+    DEFAULT_CONFIG = {
+        'milla.favicon': True,
+    }
 
     def __init__(self, obj):
+        super(Application, self).__init__()
         if not hasattr(obj, 'resolve'):
             # Object is not a dispatcher, but the root object for traversal
             obj = milla.dispatch.traversal.Traverser(obj)
         self.dispatcher = obj
-        self.config = {'milla.favicon': True}
 
-    def __call__(self, environ, start_response):
-        path_info = environ['PATH_INFO']
-        try:
-            func = self.dispatcher.resolve(path_info)
-        except milla.dispatch.UnresolvedPath:
-            if asbool(self.config.get('milla.favicon')) and \
-                path_info == '/favicon.ico':
-                func = FaviconController()
-            else:
-                return HTTPNotFound()(environ, start_response)
-
-        request = milla.Request(environ)
-        request.config = self.config.copy()
-
-        # Sometimes, hacky applications will try to "emulate" some HTTP
-        # method like POST or DELETE by specifying an _method parameter
-        # in a POST request.
-        if request.method == 'POST' and '_method' in request.POST:
-            request.method = request.POST.pop('_method')
-
-        allowed_methods = getattr(func, 'allowed_methods',
-                                  self.DEFAULT_ALLOWED_METHODS)
-        if request.method not in allowed_methods:
-            allow_header = {'Allow': ', '.join(allowed_methods)}
-            if request.method == 'OPTIONS':
-                def options_response(request, *args, **kwargs):
-                    response = request.ResponseClass()
-                    response.headers = allow_header
-                    return response
-                func = options_response
-            else:
-                func = HTTPMethodNotAllowed(headers=allow_header) 
-                return func(environ, start_response)
-
-        start_response_wrapper = StartResponseWrapper(start_response)
-        request.start_response = start_response_wrapper
-        try:
-            self._call_before(func)(request)
-            response = func(request)
-        except WSGIHTTPException as e:
-            return e(environ, start_response)
-        finally:
-            self._call_after(func)(request)
-
-        # The callable might have returned just a string, which is OK,
-        # but we need to wrap it in a Response object
-        try:
-            # In Python 2, it could be a str or a unicode object
-            basestring = basestring #@UndefinedVariable
-        except NameError:
-            # Python 3 has no unicode objects and thus no need for
-            # basestring so we, just make it an alias for str 
-            basestring = str
-        if isinstance(response, basestring) or not response:
-            response = request.ResponseClass(response)
-
-        if not start_response_wrapper.called:
-            start_response(response.status, response.headerlist)
-        if not environ['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'HEAD':
-            return response.app_iter
-    
-    def _call_after(self, func):
-        try:
-            return self._find_attr(func, '__after__')
-        except AttributeError:
-            return lambda r: None
-
-    def _call_before(self, func):
-        try:
-            return self._find_attr(func, '__before__')
-        except AttributeError:
-            return lambda r: None
-    
-    def _find_attr(self, obj, attr):
-        try:
-            # Object has the specified attribute itself
-            return getattr(obj, attr)
-        except AttributeError:
-            # Object is a bound method; look for the attribute on the instance
-            if hasattr(obj, '__self__'):
-                return self._find_attr(obj.__self__, attr)
-            # Object is a partial; look for the attribute on the inner function
-            elif hasattr(obj, 'func'):
-                return self._find_attr(obj.func, attr)
-            raise
 
 class StartResponseWrapper():
 
@@ -148,5 +241,6 @@ class StartResponseWrapper():
         self.called = False
 
     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        self.called = True
+        if not self.called:
-        return self.start_response(*args, **kwargs)
+            self.called = True
+            self.start_response(*args, **kwargs)

src/milla/auth/__init__.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # Copyright 2011 Dustin C. Hatch
-# 
+#
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 # You may obtain a copy of the License at
-# 
+#
 #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-# 
+#
 # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 
 class NotAuthorized(Exception):
     '''Base class for unauthorized exceptions
-    
+
     This class is both an exception and a controller callable. If the
     request validator raises an instance of this class, it will be
     called and the resulting value will become the HTTP response. The
@@ -33,17 +33,17 @@ class NotAuthorized(Exception):
         '''Return a response indicating the request is not authorized
 
         :param request: WebOb Request instance for the current request
-        
+
         All other arguments and keywords are ignored.
         '''
-        
+
         response = request.ResponseClass(str(self))
         response.status_int = 403
         return response
 
 class RequestValidator(object):
     '''Base class for request validators
-    
+
     A request validator is a class that exposes a ``validate`` method,
     which accepts an instance of :py:class:`webob.Request` and an
     optional ``requirement``. The ``validate`` method should return
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class RequestValidator(object):
     :py:exc:`NotAuthorized` on failure. The base implementation will
     raise an instance of the exception specified by
     :py:attr:`exc_class`, which defaults to :py:class`NotAuthorized`.
-    
+
     To customize the response to unauthorized requests, it is
     sufficient to subclass :py:class:`NotAuthorized`,  override its
     :py:meth:`~NotAuthorized.__call__` method, and specify the class
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class RequestValidator(object):
 
     def validate(self, request, requirement=None):
         '''Validates a request
-        
+
         :param request: The request to validate. Should be an instance
            of :py:class:`webob.Request`.
         :param requirement: (Optional) A requirement to check. Should be
@@ -71,10 +71,10 @@ class RequestValidator(object):
            or :py:class:`~milla.auth.permissions.PermissionRequirement`,
            or some other class with a ``check`` method that accepts a
            sequence of permissions.
-        
+
         The base implementation will perform authorization in the
         following way:
-        
+
         1. Does the ``request`` have a ``user`` attribute? If not,
            raise :py:exc:`NotAuthorized`.
         2. Is the truth value of ``request.user`` true? If not, raise
@@ -83,16 +83,16 @@ class RequestValidator(object):
            attribute? If not, raise :py:exc:`NotAuthorized`.
         4. Do the user's permissions meet the requirements? If not,
            raise :py:exc:`NotAuthorized`.
-        
+
         If none of the above steps raised an exception, the method will
         return ``None``, indicating that the validation was successful.
-        
+
         .. note:: WebOb Request instances do not have a ``user``
            attribute by default. You will need to supply this yourself,
            i.e. in a WSGI middleware or in the ``__before__`` method of
            your controller class.
         '''
-        
+
         try:
             user = request.user
         except AttributeError:

src/milla/auth/decorators.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # Copyright 2011 Dustin C. Hatch
-# 
+#
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 # You may obtain a copy of the License at
-# 
+#
 #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-# 
+#
 # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
@@ -15,19 +15,28 @@
 
 :Created: Mar 3, 2011
 :Author: dustin
-:Updated: $Date$
-:Updater: $Author$
 '''
 
 from functools import wraps
-from milla.auth import RequestValidator, NotAuthorized, permissions
+from milla.auth import permissions
-import milla
+import milla.auth
-import pkg_resources
+import warnings
+try:
+    import pkg_resources
+except ImportError:
+    pkg_resources = None
+
+
+__all__ = [
+    'auth_required',
+    'require_perms',
+    'validate_request',
+]
 
-__all__ = ['auth_required', 'require_perms']
 
 VALIDATOR_EP_GROUP = 'milla.request_validator'
 
+
 def _find_request(*args, **kwargs):
     try:
         return kwargs['request']
@@ -36,39 +45,80 @@ def _find_request(*args, **kwargs):
             if isinstance(arg, milla.Request):
                 return arg
 
-def _validate_request(func, requirement, *args, **kwargs):
-    request = _find_request(*args, **kwargs)
-    ep_name = request.config.get('request_validator', 'default')
 
-    # Override the RequestVariable name with a class from the specified
+def _validate_request(func, requirement, *args, **kwargs):
-    # entry point, if one is available. Otherwise, the default is used.
+    warnings.warn(
-    for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points(VALIDATOR_EP_GROUP, ep_name):
+        '_validate_request is deprecated; use validate_request instead',
-        try:
+        DeprecationWarning,
-            RequestValidator = ep.load()
+        stacklevel=2,
-        except:
+    )
-            continue
+    validate_request(func, requirement, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def validate_request(func, requirement, *args, **kwargs):
+    '''Validate a request meets a given requirement
+
+    :param func: Decorated callable
+    :param requirement: A requirement that the request must meet in
+       order to be considered valid, as specified by the request
+       validator used by the application. This is usally a sub-class of
+       :py:class:`~milla.auth.permissions.PermissionRequirement`, or
+       some other class that has a ``check`` method that accepts a
+       :py:class:`~milla.Request` object as its only argument.
+    :param args: Positional arguments to pass through to the decorated
+       callable
+    :param kwargs: Keyword arguments to pass through to the decorated
+       callable
+
+    This is a helper function used by :py:func:`auth_required` and
+    :py:func:`require_perms` that can be used by other request
+    decorators as well.
+    '''
+    request = _find_request(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    rv = request.config.get('request_validator', 'default')
+    if hasattr(rv, 'validate'):
+        # Config specifies a request validator class explicitly instead
+        # of an entry point name, so use it directly
+        validator = rv()
+    elif pkg_resources:
+        for ep in pkg_resources.iter_entry_points(VALIDATOR_EP_GROUP, rv):
+            try:
+                validator = ep.load()()
+                break
+            except:
+                # Ignore errors loading entry points or creating instances
+                continue
+        else:
+            # No entry point loaded or request validator instance
+            # created, use the default
+            validator = milla.auth.RequestValidator()
+    else:
+        # config does not specify a request validator class, and
+        # setuptools is not available, use the default
+        validator = milla.auth.RequestValidator()
 
     try:
-        validator = RequestValidator()
         validator.validate(request, requirement)
-    except NotAuthorized as e:
+    except milla.auth.NotAuthorized as e:
         return e(request)
     return func(*args, **kwargs)
 
+
 def auth_required(func):
     '''Simple decorator to enforce authentication for a controller
-    
+
     Example usage::
-    
+
         class SomeController(object):
-        
+
             def __before__(request):
                request.user = find_a_user_somehow(request)
-            
+
             @milla.auth_required
             def __call__(request):
                 return 'Hello, world!'
-    
+
     In this example, the ``SomeController`` controller class implements
     an ``__before__`` method that adds the ``user`` attribute to the
     ``request`` instance. This could be done by extracting user
@@ -76,7 +126,7 @@ def auth_required(func):
     method is decorated with ``auth_required``, which will ensure that
     the user is successfully authenticated. This is handled by a
     *request validator*.
-    
+
     If the request is not authorized, the decorated method will never
     be called. Instead, the response is generated by calling the
     :py:exc:`~milla.auth.NotAuthorized` exception raised inside
@@ -85,23 +135,24 @@ def auth_required(func):
 
     @wraps(func)
     def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
-        return _validate_request(func, None, *args, **kwargs)
+        return validate_request(func, None, *args, **kwargs)
     return wrapper
 
+
 class require_perms(object):
-    '''Decorator that requires the user have certain permissions 
+    '''Decorator that requires the user have certain permissions
-    
+
     Example usage::
-    
+
         class SomeController(object):
-        
+
             def __before__(request):
                request.user = find_a_user_somehow(request)
-            
+
             @milla.require_perms('some_permission', 'and_this_permission')
             def __call__(request):
                 return 'Hello, world!'
-    
+
     In this example, the ``SomeController`` controller class implements
     an ``__before__`` method that adds the ``user`` attribute to the
     ``request`` instance. This could be done by extracting user
@@ -109,9 +160,9 @@ class require_perms(object):
     method is decorated with ``require_perms``, which will ensure that
     the user is successfully authenticated and the the user has the
     specified permissions. This is handled by a *request validator*.
-    
+
     There are two ways to specify the required permissions:
-    
+
     * By passing the string name of all required permissions as
       positional arguments. A complex permission requirement will be
       constructed that requires *all* of the given permissions to be
@@ -135,5 +186,5 @@ class require_perms(object):
     def __call__(self, func):
         @wraps(func)
         def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
-            return _validate_request(func, self.requirement, *args, **kwargs)
+            return validate_request(func, self.requirement, *args, **kwargs)
         return wrapper

src/milla/auth/permissions.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # Copyright 2011 Dustin C. Hatch
-# 
+#
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 # You may obtain a copy of the License at
-# 
+#
 #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-# 
+#
 # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ Examples::
     >>> req = Permission('foo') & Permission('bar')
     >>> req.check(PermissionContainer(['foo', 'baz'], ['bar']))
     True
-    
+
     >>> req = Permission('login')
     >>> req.check(['login'])
     True
-    
+
     >>> req = Permission('login') | Permission('admin')
     >>> req.check(['none'])
     False
@@ -30,62 +30,62 @@ Examples::
 
 class PermissionContainer(object):
     '''Container object for user and group permissions
-    
+
     :param list user_perms: List of permissions held by the user itself
     :param list group_perms: List of permissions held by the groups to
        which the user belongs
-    
+
     Iterating over :py:class:`PermissionContainer` objects results in
     a flattened representation of all permissions.
     '''
-    
+
     def __init__(self, user_perms=[], group_perms=[]):
         self._user_perms = user_perms
         self._group_perms = group_perms
-    
+
     def __iter__(self):
         for perm in self._user_perms:
             yield perm
         for perm in self._group_perms:
             yield perm
-    
+
     def __contains__(self, perm):
         return perm in self._user_perms or perm in self._group_perms
-            
+
 
 class BasePermission(object):
     '''Base class for permissions and requirements
-    
+
     Complex permission requirements can be created using the bitwise
     ``and`` and ``or`` operators::
-    
+
         login_and_view = Permission('login') & Permission('view')
         admin_or_root = Permission('admin') | Permission('root')
-        
+
         complex = Permission('login') & Permission('view') | Permission('admin')
     '''
-    
+
     def __and__(self, other):
         assert isinstance(other, BasePermission)
         return PermissionRequirementAll(self, other)
-    
+
     def __or__(self, other):
         assert isinstance(other, BasePermission)
         return PermissionRequirementAny(self, other)
 
 class Permission(BasePermission):
     '''Simple permission implementation
-    
+
     :param str name: Name of the permission
-    
+
     Permissions must implement a ``check`` method that accepts an
     iterable and returns ``True`` if the permission is present or
     ``False`` otherwise.
     '''
-    
+
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
-    
+
     def __str__(self):
         return str(self.name)
 
@@ -94,27 +94,27 @@ class Permission(BasePermission):
 
     def check(self, perms):
         '''Check if the permission is held
-        
+
         This method can be overridden to provide more robust
         support, but this implementation is simple::
-        
+
            return self in perms
         '''
-        
+
         return self in perms
 
 class PermissionRequirement(BasePermission):
     '''Base class for complex permission requirements'''
-    
+
     def __init__(self, *requirements):
         self.requirements = requirements
-    
+
     def __str__(self):
         return ', '.join(self.requirements)
-    
+
 class PermissionRequirementAll(PermissionRequirement):
     '''Complex permission requirement needing all given permissions'''
-    
+
     def check(self, perms):
         for req in self.requirements:
             if not req.check(perms):
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ class PermissionRequirementAll(PermissionRequirement):
 
 class PermissionRequirementAny(PermissionRequirement):
     '''Complex permission requirement needing any given permissions'''
-    
+
     def check(self, perms):
         for req in self.requirements:
             if req.check(perms):

src/milla/cli.py

@@ -1,116 +0,0 @@
-# Copyright 2011 Dustin C. Hatch
-# 
-# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
-# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
-# You may obtain a copy of the License at
-# 
-#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-# 
-# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
-# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
-# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
-# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
-# limitations under the License.
-'''Module milla.cli
-
-.. deprecated:: 0.2
-
-   This module is unmaintained and will be removed soon. Please do not use it.
-
-:Created: May 30, 2011
-:Author: dustin
-:Updated: $Date$
-:Updater: $Author$
-'''
-import argparse
-import pkg_resources
-import warnings
-
-
-warnings.warn('The milla.cli module is unmaintained and will be removed soon',
-              DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
-
-
-class CommandWarning(UserWarning):
-    '''A warning raised when a command cannot be loaded or used'''
-    
-
-class CommandLineInterface(object):
-    '''Wrapper class for the Milla CLI'''
-    
-    PROGNAME = 'milla-cli'
-    EPGROUP = 'milla.command'
-
-    def __init__(self):
-        self.parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog=self.PROGNAME)
-        subparsers = None
-        subcmds = pkg_resources.iter_entry_points(self.EPGROUP)
-        for cmd in subcmds:
-            try:
-                Command = cmd.load()
-            except Exception as e:
-                warnings.warn("Unable to load command from entry point named "
-                              "'{epname}': {e}".format(
-                                  epname=cmd,
-                                  e=e,
-                              ), CommandWarning)
-                continue
-
-            if not hasattr(Command, 'name') or not Command.name:
-                warnings.warn("Command '{cmd}' from '{mod}' does not have a "
-                              "name and cannot be used".format(
-                                  cmd=Command.__name__,
-                                  mod=Command.__module__
-                              ), CommandWarning)
-                continue
-
-            if not subparsers:
-                subparsers = self.parser.add_subparsers()
-            subcmd = subparsers.add_parser(Command.name, *Command.parser_args,
-                                           **Command.parser_kwargs)
-            Command.setup_args(subcmd)
-            subcmd.set_defaults(func=Command())
-
-
-class Command(object):
-    '''Base class for "commands"
-    
-    To create a command, subclass this class and override the following
-    attributes:
-    
-    * ``name`` -- Name of the subcommand
-    * ``parser_args`` -- arguments to pass to ``add_parser`` when
-      creating the ArgumentParser for the command
-    * ``parser_kwargs`` -- keywords to pass to ``add_parser``
-    * ``setup_args()`` -- Class method called to add arguments, etc. to
-      the command subparser.
-    '''
-
-    #: Tuple of arguments to pass to the ArgumentParser constructor
-    parser_args = ()
-    #: Dict of keywords to pass to the ArgumentParser constructor
-    parser_kwargs = {}
-    
-    @classmethod
-    def setup_args(cls, parser):
-        '''Add arguments, etc to the command subparser
-        
-        Override this method to add arguments, options, etc. to the
-        subparser for the command. The default implementation does
-        not add anything.
-        
-        :param parser: An instance of ``ArgumentParser`` for the
-           ``milla-cli`` subcommand
-        '''
-        
-        pass
-
-def main():
-    '''Entry point for the ``milla-cli`` console script'''
-    
-    cli = CommandLineInterface()
-    args = cli.parser.parse_args()
-    func = args.func
-    del args.func
-    func.args = args
-    func()

src/milla/controllers.py

@@ -19,13 +19,15 @@ from one or more of these classes can make things significantly easier.
 
 :Created: Mar 27, 2011
 :Author: dustin
-:Updated: $Date$
-:Updater: $Author$
 '''
 
 import datetime
 import milla.util
-import pkg_resources
+import os
+try:
+    import pkg_resources
+except ImportError:
+    pkg_resources = None
 
 
 class Controller(object):
@@ -58,17 +60,23 @@ class FaviconController(Controller):
     EXPIRY_DAYS = 365
 
     def __init__(self, icon=None, content_type='image/x-icon'):
-        if icon:
+        try:
-            try:
+            if icon:
-                self.icon = open(icon)
+                self.icon = open(icon, 'rb')
-            except (IOError, OSError):
+                self.content_type = content_type
-                self.icon = None
+            elif pkg_resources:
-        else:
-            try:
                 self.icon = pkg_resources.resource_stream('milla', 'milla.ico')
-            except IOError:
+                self.content_type = 'image/x-icon'
-                self.icon = None
+            else:
-        self.content_type = content_type
+                icon = os.path.join(
+                    os.path.dirname(milla.__file__),
+                    'milla.ico'
+                )
+                self.icon = open(icon, 'rb')
+                self.content_type = 'image/x-icon'
+        except (IOError, OSError):
+            self.icon = self.content_type = None
+
 
     def __call__(self, request):
         if not self.icon:
@@ -80,3 +88,35 @@ class FaviconController(Controller):
                    datetime.timedelta(days=self.EXPIRY_DAYS))
         response.headers['Expires'] = milla.util.http_date(expires)
         return response
+
+
+class HTTPVerbController(Controller):
+    '''A controller that delegates requests based on the HTTP method
+
+    Subclasses of this controller should have an instance method for
+    every HTTP method they support. For example, to support the ``GET``
+    and ``POST`` methods, a class might look like this:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        class MyController(HTTPVerbController):
+
+            def GET(self, request):
+                return 'Hello, world!'
+
+            def POST(self, request):
+                return 'Thanks!'
+    '''
+
+    def __call__(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        try:
+            func = getattr(self, request.method)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise milla.HTTPMethodNotAllowed
+        return func(request, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    @property
+    def allowed_methods(self):
+        for attr in dir(self):
+            if attr.upper() == attr:
+                yield attr

src/milla/dispatch/__init__.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # Copyright 2011 Dustin C. Hatch
-# 
+#
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 # You may obtain a copy of the License at
-# 
+#
 #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-# 
+#
 # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.

src/milla/dispatch/routing.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-# Copyright 2011 Dustin C. Hatch
+# Copyright 2011, 2012, 2015 Dustin C. Hatch
-# 
+#
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 # You may obtain a copy of the License at
-# 
+#
 #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-# 
+#
 # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
@@ -28,13 +28,13 @@ import warnings
 
 class Router(object):
     '''A dispatcher that maps arbitrary paths to controller callables
-    
+
     Typical usage::
-    
+
         router = Router()
         router.add_route('/foo/{bar}/{baz:\d+}', some_func)
         app = milla.Application(dispatcher=router)
-    
+
     In many cases, paths with trailing slashes need special handling.
     The ``Router`` has two ways of dealing with requests that should
     have a trailing slash but do not. The default is to send the client
@@ -44,19 +44,19 @@ class Router(object):
     return HTTP 404 Not Found for requests with missing trailing
     slashes. To change the behavior, pass a different value to the
     constructor's ``trailing_slash`` keyword.
-    
+
     Redirect the client to the proper path (the default)::
-    
+
         router = Router(trailing_slash=Router.REDIRECT)
         router.add_route('/my_collection/', some_func)
-    
+
     Pretend the request had a trailing slash, even if it didn't::
-    
+
         router = Router(trailing_slash=Router.SILENT)
         router.add_route('/my_collection/', some_func)
-    
+
     Do nothing, let the client get a 404 error::
-    
+
        router = Router(trailing_slash=None)
        router.add_route('/my_collection/', some_func)
     '''
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ class Router(object):
 
     def resolve(self, path_info):
         '''Find a controller for a given path
-        
+
         :param path_info: Path for which to locate a controller
         :returns: A :py:class:`functools.partial` instance that sets
           the values collected from variable segments as keyword
-          arguments to the callable 
+          arguments to the callable
-        
+
         This method walks through the routing table created with calls
         to :py:meth:`add_route` and finds the first whose template
         matches the given path. Variable segments are added as keywords
@@ -121,8 +121,9 @@ class Router(object):
                     # Return a dummy function that just raises
                     # HTTPMovedPermanently to redirect the client to
                     # the canonical URL
-                    def redir(*args, **kwargs):
+                    def redir(request, *args, **kwargs):
-                        raise milla.HTTPMovedPermanently(location=new_path_info)
+                        raise milla.HTTPMovedPermanently(
+                            location=request.create_href(new_path_info))
                     return redir
                 elif func and self.trailing_slash is Router.SILENT:
                     # Return the function found at the alternate path
@@ -131,9 +132,9 @@ class Router(object):
 
     def _compile_template(self, template):
         '''Compiles a template into a real regular expression
-        
+
         :param template: A route template string
-        
+
         Converts the ``{name}`` or ``{name:regexp}`` syntax into a full
         regular expression for later parsing.
         '''
@@ -162,40 +163,40 @@ class Router(object):
 
     def add_route(self, template, controller, **vars):
         '''Add a route to the routing table
-        
+
         :param template: Route template string
         :param controller: Controller callable or string Python path
-        
+
         Route template strings are path segments, beginning with ``/``.
         Paths can also contain variable segments, delimited with curly
         braces.
-        
+
         Example::
-        
+
             /some/other/{variable}/{path}
-        
+
         By default, variable segments will match any character except a
         ``/``. Alternate expressions can be passed by specifying them
         alongside the name, separated by a ``:``.
-        
+
         Example::
-        
+
            /some/other/{alternate:[a-zA-Z]}
-        
+
         Variable path segments will be passed as keywords to the
         controller. In the first example above, assuming ``controller``
         is the name of the callable passed, and the request path was
         ``/some/other/great/place``::
-        
+
             controller(request, variable='great', path='place')
-        
+
         The ``controller`` argument itself can be any callable that
         accepts a *WebOb* request as its first argument, and any
         keywords that may be passed from variable segments. It can
         also be a string Python path to such a callable. For example::
-        
+
             `some.module:function`
-        
+
         This string will resolve to the function ``function`` in the
         module ``some.module``.
         '''
@@ -204,43 +205,3 @@ class Router(object):
             controller = self._import_controller(controller)
         self.routes.append((self._compile_template(template),
                             controller, vars))
-
-class Generator(object):
-    '''URL generator
-    
-    Creates URL references based on a *WebOb* request.
-    
-    Typical usage:
-    
-    >>> generator = Generator(request)
-    >>> generator.generate('foo', 'bar')
-    '/foo/bar'
-    
-    A common pattern is to wrap this in a stub function::
-    
-       url = Generator(request).generate
-
-    .. deprecated:: 0.2
-       Use :py:meth:`milla.Request.create_href` instead.
-    '''
-
-    def __init__(self, request, path_only=True):
-        self.request = request
-        self.path_only = path_only
-        warnings.warn(
-            'Use of Generator is deprecated; '
-            'use milla.Request.create_href instead',
-            DeprecationWarning,
-            stacklevel=2
-        )
-
-    def generate(self, *segments, **vars):
-        '''Combines segments and the application's URL into a new URL
-        '''
-
-        path = '/'.join(str(s) for s in segments)
-
-        if self.path_only:
-            return self.request.create_href(path, **vars)
-        else:
-            return self.request.create_href_full(path, **vars)

src/milla/dispatch/traversal.py

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 # Copyright 2011 Dustin C. Hatch
-# 
+#
 # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 # You may obtain a copy of the License at
-# 
+#
 #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
-# 
+#
 # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
@@ -23,35 +23,35 @@ from milla.dispatch import UnresolvedPath
 
 class Traverser(object):
     '''Default URL dispatcher
-    
+
     :param root: The root object at which lookup will begin
-    
+
     The default URL dispatcher uses object attribute traversal to
     locate a handler for a given path. For example, consider the
     following class::
-    
+
        class Root(object):
-           
+
            def foo(self):
                return 'Hello, world!'
-    
+
     The path ``/foo`` would resolve to the ``foo`` method of the
     ``Root`` class.
-    
+
     If a path cannot be resolved, :py:exc:`UnresolvedPath` will be
     raised.
     '''
-    
+
     def __init__(self, root):
         self.root = root
-    
+
     def resolve(self, path_info):
         '''Find a handler given a path
-        
+
         :param path_info: Path for which to find a handler
         :returns: A handler callable
         '''
-        
+
         def walk_path(handler, parts):
             if not parts or not parts[0]:
                 # No more parts, or the last part is blank, we're done
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@ class Traverser(object):
                 except AttributeError:
                     # No default either, can't resolve
                     raise UnresolvedPath
-        
+
         # Strip the leading slash and split the path
         split_path = path_info.lstrip('/').split('/')
-        
+
         handler = walk_path(self.root, split_path)
-        return handler
+        return handler

src/milla/vary.py

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# Copyright 2016 Dustin C. Hatch
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+'''Multi-format response handling
+
+:Created: Jul 1, 2016
+:Author: dustin
+'''
+import milla
+import collections
+import inspect
+import functools
+
+
+class renders(object):
+    '''Mark a method as a renderer for one or more media types
+
+    :param content_types: Internet media types supported by the
+       renderer
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, *content_types):
+        self.content_types = content_types
+
+    def __call__(self, func):
+        func.renders = self.content_types
+        return func
+
+
+def default_renderer(func):
+    '''Mark a :py:class:`VariedResponseMixin` renderer as default'''
+
+    func.default_renderer = True
+    return func
+
+
+class VariedResponseMeta(type):
+
+    def __new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs):
+        cls = type.__new__(mcs, name, bases, attrs)
+        cls.renderers = {}
+        cls.default_type = None
+        for attr in attrs.values():
+            if not isinstance(attr, collections.Callable):
+                continue
+            if hasattr(attr, 'renders'):
+                for content_type in attr.renders:
+                    cls.renderers[content_type] = attr
+                if getattr(attr, 'default_renderer', False):
+                    cls.default_type = attr.renders[0]
+        return cls
+
+
+_VariedResponseBase = VariedResponseMeta(
+    '_VariedResponseBase', (milla.Response,), {})
+
+
+class VariedResponseBase(_VariedResponseBase):
+    '''Base class for responses with variable representations
+
+    In many cases, a a response can be represented in more than one
+    format (e.g. HTML, JSON, XML, etc.). This class can be used to
+    present the correct format based on the value of the ``Accept``
+    header in the request.
+
+    To use this class, create a subclass with a method to render each
+    supported representation format. The render methods must have
+    a ``renders`` attribute that contains a sequence of Internet media
+    (MIME) types the renderer is capable of producing. The
+    :py:func:`renders` decorator can be used to set this attribute.
+
+    Each renderer must take at least one argument, which is the context
+    data passed to :py:meth:`set_payload`. Additional arguments are
+    allowed, but they must be passed through :py:meth:`set_payload` as
+    keyword arguments.
+
+    If the ``Accept`` header of the request does not specify a media
+    type supported by any renderer, :py:exc:`~webob.exc.NotAcceptable`
+    will be raised. To avoid this, select a renderer as the "default"
+    by setting its `default_renderer` attribute to ``True`` (e.g. with
+    :py:func:`default_renderer`). This renderer will be used for all
+    requests unless a more appropriate renderer is available.
+
+    Example:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        class VariedResponse(Response, VariedResponse):
+
+            @default_renderer
+            @renders('text/html')
+            def render_html(self, context, template):
+                self.body = render_jinja_template(template, context)
+
+            @renders('application/json')
+            def render_json(self, context):
+                self.body = json.dumps(context)
+
+    The custom response class can be set as the default by extending the
+    :py:meth:`~milla.app.BaseApplication.make_request` method. For
+    example:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        class Application(milla.app.Application):
+
+            def make_request(self, environ):
+                request = super(Application, self).make_request(environ)
+                request.ResponseClass = VariedResponse.for_request(request)
+                return request
+    '''
+
+    def __init__(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(VariedResponseBase, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.request = request
+
+    @classmethod
+    def for_request(cls, request):
+        return functools.partial(cls, request)
+
+    def set_payload(self, context, **kwargs):
+        '''Set the response payload using the most appropriate renderer
+
+        :param context: The data to pass to the renderer
+        :param kwargs: Additional keyword arguments to pass to the
+           renderer
+
+        This method will determine the most appropriate representation
+        format for the response based on the ``Accept`` header in the
+        request and delegate to the method that can render that format.
+
+        Example:
+
+        .. code-block:: python
+
+            def controller(request):
+                response = VariedResponse.for_request(request)
+                response.set_payload(
+                    {'hello': 'world'},
+                    template='hello.html',
+                )
+                return response
+
+        In this example, the context is ``{'hello': 'world'}``. This
+        will be passed as the first argument to any renderer. If the
+        selected renderer accepts a ``template`` argument,
+        ``'hello.html'`` will be passed as well.
+        '''
+
+        if not self.vary:
+            self.vary = ['Accept']
+        elif 'accept' not in (v.lower() for v in self.vary):
+            self.vary = self.vary + ('Accept',)
+
+        offer_types = self.renderers.keys()
+        match = self.request.accept.best_match(offer_types, self.default_type)
+        if match is None:
+            raise milla.HTTPNotAcceptable
+        renderer = self.renderers[match]
+        kwargs = _filter_kwargs(renderer, kwargs)
+        renderer(self, context, **kwargs)
+
+
+def _filter_kwargs(func, kwargs):
+    if hasattr(inspect, 'signature'):  # Python 3
+        sig = inspect.signature(func)
+        accepted = (p.name for p in sig.parameters.values()
+                    if p.kind == inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD)
+    else:  # Python 2
+        accepted = inspect.getargspec(func)[0]
+    return dict((k, kwargs[k]) for k in accepted if k in kwargs)

test/test_app.py

@@ -3,13 +3,31 @@
 :Created: Nov 27, 2012
 :Author: dustin
 '''
+from unittest.case import SkipTest
 import functools
 import milla.app
 import milla.dispatch
 import nose.tools
+import sys
 import wsgiref.util
 import webob.exc
 
+def python2_only(test):
+    @functools.wraps(test)
+    def wrapper():
+        if sys.version_info[0] != 2:
+            raise SkipTest
+        return test()
+    return wrapper
+
+def python3_only(test):
+    @functools.wraps(test)
+    def wrapper():
+        if sys.version_info[0] != 3:
+            raise SkipTest
+        return test()
+    return wrapper
+
 class StubResolver(object):
     '''Stub resolver for testing purposes'''
 
@@ -122,7 +140,7 @@ def test_allow_header_options():
 
 def test_emulated_method():
     '''Emulated HTTP methods are interpreted correctly
-    
+
     For applications that cannot use the proper HTTP method and instead
     use HTTP POST with an ``_method`` parameter
     '''
@@ -145,6 +163,64 @@ def test_emulated_method():
     response.finish_response(app_iter)
     assert response.headers.startswith('HTTP/1.1 200'), response.headers
 
+def test_return_none():
+    '''Controllers can return None
+    '''
+
+    def controller(request):
+        return None
+
+    app = milla.app.Application(StubResolver(controller))
+    environ = environ_for_testing()
+    response = ResponseMaker()
+    app_iter = app(environ, response.start_response)
+    response.finish_response(app_iter)
+    assert not response.body, response.body
+
+def test_return_str():
+    '''Controllers can return str objects
+    '''
+
+    def controller(request):
+        return 'Hello, world'
+
+    app = milla.app.Application(StubResolver(controller))
+    environ = environ_for_testing()
+    response = ResponseMaker()
+    app_iter = app(environ, response.start_response)
+    response.finish_response(app_iter)
+    assert response.body == b'Hello, world', response.body
+
+@python2_only
+def test_return_unicode():
+    '''Controllers can return unicode objects
+    '''
+
+    def controller(request):
+        return unicode('Hello, world')
+
+    app = milla.app.Application(StubResolver(controller))
+    environ = environ_for_testing()
+    response = ResponseMaker()
+    app_iter = app(environ, response.start_response)
+    response.finish_response(app_iter)
+    assert response.body == unicode('Hello, world'), response.body
+
+@nose.tools.raises(TypeError)
+@python3_only
+def test_return_bytes():
+    '''Controllers cannot return bytes objects
+    '''
+
+    def controller(request):
+        return b'Hello, world'
+
+    app = milla.app.Application(StubResolver(controller))
+    environ = environ_for_testing()
+    response = ResponseMaker()
+    app_iter = app(environ, response.start_response)
+    response.finish_response(app_iter)
+
 @nose.tools.raises(BeforeCalled)
 def test_function_before():
     '''__before__ attribute is called for controller functions
@@ -460,10 +536,10 @@ def test_create_href_full_keywords():
 
 def test_static_resource():
     '''Request.static_resource creates valid URL from config'''
-    
+
     def controller(request):
         return request.static_resource('/image.png')
-    
+
     environ = environ_for_testing()
     app = milla.Application(StubResolver(controller))
     app.config['milla.static_root'] = '/static'
@@ -474,14 +550,13 @@ def test_static_resource():
 
 def test_static_resource_undefined():
     '''Request.static_resource returns the path unmodified with no root defined'''
-    
+
     def controller(request):
         return request.static_resource('/image.png')
-    
+
     environ = environ_for_testing()
     app = milla.Application(StubResolver(controller))
     response = ResponseMaker()
     app_iter = app(environ, response.start_response)
     response.finish_response(app_iter)
     assert response.body == b'/image.png', response.body
-    

test/test_auth.py

@@ -10,21 +10,21 @@ import nose.tools
 def test_permission_check():
     '''Ensure Permission.check returns True for lists of strings
     '''
-    
+
     perm = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     assert perm.check(['foo'])
 
 def test_permission_check_false():
     '''Ensure Permission.check returns False for lists of strings
     '''
-    
+
     perm = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     assert not perm.check(['bar'])
 
 def test_permission_check_perm():
     '''Ensure Permission.check returns True for lists of Permissions
     '''
-    
+
     req = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     perm = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     assert req.check([perm])
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ def test_permission_check_perm():
 def test_permission_check_perm_false():
     '''Ensure Permission.check returns True for lists of Permissions
     '''
-    
+
     req = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     perm = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('bar')
     assert not req.check([perm])
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def test_permission_check_perm_false():
 def test_permission_check_container():
     '''Ensure Permission.check returns True for PermissionContainers of strings
     '''
-    
+
     perm = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     container = milla.auth.permissions.PermissionContainer(['foo'])
     assert perm.check(container)
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ def test_permission_check_container():
 def test_permission_check_container_false():
     '''Ensure Permission.check returns True for PermissionContainers of strings
     '''
-    
+
     perm = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     container = milla.auth.permissions.PermissionContainer(['bar'])
     assert not perm.check(container)
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ def test_permission_check_container_false():
 def test_permission_check_container_perm():
     '''Ensure Permission.check returns True for PermissionContainers of Permissions
     '''
-    
+
     perm = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     req = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     container = milla.auth.permissions.PermissionContainer([perm])
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def test_permission_check_container_perm():
 def test_permission_check_container_perm_false():
     '''Ensure Permission.check returns False for PermissionContainers of Permissions
     '''
-    
+
     perm = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     req = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('bar')
     container = milla.auth.permissions.PermissionContainer([perm])
@@ -74,14 +74,14 @@ def test_permission_check_container_perm_false():
 def test_permission_container_iter():
     '''Ensure iterating a PermissionContainer yields all permissions
     '''
-    
+
     container = milla.auth.permissions.PermissionContainer(['foo'], ['bar'])
     assert list(container) == ['foo', 'bar']
 
 def test_permission_and():
     '''Ensure AND-ing Permissions returns a PermissionRequirementAll
     '''
-    
+
     perm1 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     perm2 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('bar')
     req = perm1 & perm2
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ def test_permission_and():
 def test_permission_or():
     '''Ensure OR-ing Permissions returns a PermissionRequirementAny
     '''
-    
+
     perm1 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     perm2 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('bar')
     req = perm1 | perm2
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ def test_permission_or():
 def test_permission_str():
     '''Ensure calling str on a Permission returns its name
     '''
-    
+
     perm_name = 'foo'
     perm = milla.auth.permissions.Permission(perm_name)
     assert str(perm) == perm_name
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ def test_permission_str():
 def test_permission_eq():
     '''Ensure two Permissions with the same name are equal but not identical
     '''
-    
+
     perm_name = 'foo'
     perm1 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission(perm_name)
     perm2 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission(perm_name)
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ def test_permission_eq():
 def test_permission_check_container_group():
     '''Test group permissions in PermissionContainer objects
     '''
-    
+
     perm = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     req = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     container = milla.auth.permissions.PermissionContainer([], [perm])
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ def test_permission_check_container_group():
 def test_permissionrequirement_all():
     '''Ensure PermissionRequirementAll requires all listed permissions
     '''
-    
+
     perm1 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     perm2 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('bar')
     req = milla.auth.permissions.PermissionRequirementAll(perm1, perm2)
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ def test_permissionrequirement_all():
 def test_permissionrequirement_any():
     '''Ensure PermissionRequirementAll requires only one permission
     '''
-    
+
     perm1 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     perm2 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('bar')
     req = milla.auth.permissions.PermissionRequirementAny(perm1, perm2)
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ def test_permissionrequirement_any():
 def test_exception_callable():
     '''Ensure that NotAuthorizedException is a valid controller callable
     '''
-    
+
     exc = milla.auth.NotAuthorized()
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     response = exc(request)
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ def test_exception_callable():
 def test_request_validator_nouser():
     '''Ensure ensure requests without a user attribute raise NotAuthorized
     '''
-    
+
     validator = milla.auth.RequestValidator()
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     validator.validate(request)
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ def test_request_validator_nouser():
 def test_request_validator_emptyuser():
     '''Ensure requests with an empty user raise NotAuthorized
     '''
-    
+
     validator = milla.auth.RequestValidator()
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = None
@@ -182,13 +182,13 @@ def test_request_validator_emptyuser():
 
 def test_request_validator_user_noperms():
     '''Ensure user permissions are not checked if no requirement is given
-    
+
     If no ``requirement`` is given to
     :py:meth:`milla.auth.RequestValidator.validate`, then the fact that the
     request's ``user`` attribute doesn't have a ``permissions`` attribute
-    shouldn't matter.    
+    shouldn't matter.
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
 
@@ -201,10 +201,10 @@ def test_request_validator_user_noperms():
 def test_request_validator_missingperms():
     '''Ensure requests whose user has no permissions attribute are invalid
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     validator = milla.auth.RequestValidator()
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = User()
@@ -215,10 +215,10 @@ def test_request_validator_missingperms():
 def test_request_validator_emptyperms():
     '''Ensure requests whose user has an empty set of permissions are invalid
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     validator = milla.auth.RequestValidator()
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = User()
@@ -230,10 +230,10 @@ def test_request_validator_emptyperms():
 def test_request_validator_incorrectperms():
     '''Ensure requests whose user has incorrect permissions raise NotAuthorized
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     validator = milla.auth.RequestValidator()
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = User()
@@ -244,10 +244,10 @@ def test_request_validator_incorrectperms():
 def test_request_validator_correctperms():
     '''Ensure requests from users with appropriate permissions are valid
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     validator = milla.auth.RequestValidator()
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = User()
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ def test_request_validator_correctperms():
 def test_find_request_kwarg():
     '''Ensure _find_request finds a request in keyword arguments
     '''
-    
+
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     found = milla.auth.decorators._find_request('foo', request=request)
     assert found is request
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ def test_find_request_kwarg():
 def test_find_request_arg1():
     '''Ensure _find_request finds a request in position 1
     '''
-    
+
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     found = milla.auth.decorators._find_request(request)
     assert found is request
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ def test_find_request_arg1():
 def test_find_request_arg2():
     '''Ensure _find_request finds a request in another position
     '''
-    
+
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     found = milla.auth.decorators._find_request('foo', request)
     assert found is request
@@ -282,14 +282,14 @@ def test_find_request_arg2():
 def test_auth_required_true():
     '''Test the auth_required decorator with a valid user
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     @milla.auth.decorators.auth_required
     def controller(request):
         return 'success'
-    
+
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = User()
     response = controller(request)
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ def test_auth_required_true():
 def test_auth_required_false():
     '''Test the auth_required decorator with no user
     '''
-    
+
     @milla.auth.decorators.auth_required
     def controller(request):
         return 'success'
@@ -312,10 +312,10 @@ def test_auth_required_false():
 def test_require_perms_none():
     '''Test the require_perms decorator with no requirement
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     @milla.auth.decorators.require_perms()
     def controller(request):
         return 'success'
@@ -328,14 +328,14 @@ def test_require_perms_none():
 def test_require_perms_valid_str():
     '''Test the require_perms decorator with valid permissions as strings
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     @milla.auth.decorators.require_perms('foo')
     def controller(request):
         return 'success'
-    
+
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = User()
     request.user.permissions = ['foo']
@@ -345,15 +345,15 @@ def test_require_perms_valid_str():
 def test_require_perms_valid_permission():
     '''Test the require_perms decorator with valid permissions as Permissions
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     req = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     @milla.auth.decorators.require_perms(req)
     def controller(request):
         return 'success'
-    
+
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = User()
     request.user.permissions = ['foo']
@@ -363,10 +363,10 @@ def test_require_perms_valid_permission():
 def test_require_perms_multi_valid_string():
     '''Test the require_perms decorator with multiple requirements as strings
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     @milla.auth.decorators.require_perms('foo', 'bar')
     def controller(request):
         return 'success'
@@ -380,10 +380,10 @@ def test_require_perms_multi_valid_string():
 def test_require_perms_multi_valid_permission():
     '''Test the require_perms decorator with multiple requirements as Permissions
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     req1 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     req2 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('bar')
     @milla.auth.decorators.require_perms(req1, req2)
@@ -399,14 +399,14 @@ def test_require_perms_multi_valid_permission():
 def test_require_perms_invalid_none():
     '''Test the require_perms decorator with no permissions
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     @milla.auth.decorators.require_perms('foo')
     def controller(request):
         return 'success'
-    
+
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = User()
     response = controller(request)
@@ -416,10 +416,10 @@ def test_require_perms_invalid_none():
 def test_require_perms_invalid_empty():
     '''Test the require_perms decorator with an empty permissions set
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     @milla.auth.decorators.require_perms('foo')
     def controller(request):
         return 'success'
@@ -434,14 +434,14 @@ def test_require_perms_invalid_empty():
 def test_require_perms_invalid_string():
     '''Test the require_perms decorator with invalid permissions as strings
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     @milla.auth.decorators.require_perms('foo')
     def controller(request):
         return 'success'
-    
+
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = User()
     request.user.permissions = ['bar']
@@ -452,15 +452,15 @@ def test_require_perms_invalid_string():
 def test_require_perms_invalid_permission():
     '''Test the require_perms decorator with invalid permissions as Permissions
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     req = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     @milla.auth.decorators.require_perms(req)
     def controller(request):
         return 'success'
-    
+
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = User()
     request.user.permissions = ['bar']
@@ -471,14 +471,14 @@ def test_require_perms_invalid_permission():
 def test_require_perms_multi_invalid_string():
     '''Test the require_perms decorator with multiple invalid permissions as strings
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     @milla.auth.decorators.require_perms('foo', 'bar')
     def controller(request):
         return 'success'
-    
+
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = User()
     request.user.permissions = ['bar']
@@ -489,16 +489,16 @@ def test_require_perms_multi_invalid_string():
 def test_require_perms_multi_invalid_permission():
     '''Test the require_perms decorator with multiple invalid permissions as Permissions
     '''
-    
+
     class User(object):
         pass
-    
+
     req1 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     req2 = milla.auth.permissions.Permission('foo')
     @milla.auth.decorators.require_perms(req1, req2)
     def controller(request):
         return 'success'
-    
+
     request = milla.Request.blank('/')
     request.user = User()
     request.user.permissions = ['bar']

test/test_routing.py

@@ -6,14 +6,13 @@
 :Updater: $Author$
 '''
 import milla.dispatch.routing
+import milla.controllers
 import nose.tools
 
-def fake_controller():
-    pass
 
 def test_static():
     '''Ensure the dispatcher can resolve a static path
-    
+
     Given the path ``/foo/bar/baz`` and a route for the exact same
     path, the resolver should return the controller mapped to the
     route.
@@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ def test_static():
 
 def test_urlvars():
     '''Ensure the dispatcher can resolve a path with variable segments
-    
+
     Given the path ``/foo/abc/def`` and a route ``/foo/{bar}/{baz}``,
     the resolver should return the controller mapped to the route with
     preset keywords ``bar='abc', baz='def'``.
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ def test_urlvars():
 @nose.tools.raises(milla.dispatch.UnresolvedPath)
 def test_regexp_urlvar():
     '''Ensure the dispatcher can resolve alternate regexps in urlvars
-    
+
     Given a route ``/test/{arg:[a-z]+}``, the resolver should return
     the mapped controller for the path ``/test/abcde``, but not the
     path ``/test/1234``.
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ def test_regexp_urlvar():
 @nose.tools.raises(milla.dispatch.UnresolvedPath)
 def test_unresolved():
     '''Ensure the resolver raises an exception for unresolved paths
-    
+
     Given a route ``/test``, the resolver should raise
     :py:exc:`~milla.dispatch.UnresolvedPath` for the path ``/tset``.
     '''
@@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ def test_unresolved():
 
 def test_unrelated():
     '''Ensure the dispatcher is not confused by unrelated paths
-    
+
     Given routes for ``/testA`` and ``/testB``, the resolver should
     return the controller mapped to the former for the path ``/testA``,
     without regard for the latter.
@@ -102,18 +101,17 @@ def test_unrelated():
 
 def test_string_controller():
     '''Ensure the dispatcher can find a controller given a string
-    
+
     Given a string path to a controller function, the callable defined
     therein should be returned by the resolver for the corresponding
     path.
     '''
 
     router = milla.dispatch.routing.Router()
-    router.add_route('/test', 'milla.tests.test_routing:fake_controller')
+    router.add_route('/test', 'milla.controllers:Controller')
     func = router.resolve('/test')
-    assert func.func == fake_controller
+    assert func.func == milla.controllers.Controller
 
-@nose.tools.raises(milla.HTTPMovedPermanently)
 def test_trailing_slash_redir():
     '''Paths that match except the trailing slash return a HTTP redirect
     '''
@@ -125,16 +123,21 @@ def test_trailing_slash_redir():
     router.add_route('/test/', controller)
     func = router.resolve('/test')
     assert func is not controller
-    func()
+    try:
+        func(milla.Request.blank('/test'))
+    except milla.HTTPMovedPermanently as e:
+        assert e.location == '/test/'
+    else:
+        raise AssertionError('Redirect not raised')
 
 @nose.tools.raises(milla.dispatch.routing.UnresolvedPath)
 def test_trailing_slash_none():
     '''Paths that match except the trailing slash are ignored
     '''
-    
+
     def controller():
         pass
-    
+
     router = milla.dispatch.routing.Router(None)
     router.add_route('/test/', controller)
     router.resolve('/test')
@@ -142,11 +145,11 @@ def test_trailing_slash_none():
 def test_trailing_slash_silent():
     '''Paths that match except the trailing slash are treated the same
     '''
-    
+
     def controller():
         pass
-    
+
     router = milla.dispatch.routing.Router(milla.dispatch.routing.Router.SILENT)
     router.add_route('/test/', controller)
     func = router.resolve('/test')
-    assert func.func is controller
+    assert func.func is controller

test/test_traversal.py

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import milla.dispatch.traversal
 
 def test_root():
     '''Ensure the root path resolves to the root handler
-    
+
     Given the path ``/``, the resolver should return the root handler,
     which was given to it at initialization
     '''
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ def test_root():
 
 def test_unrelated():
     '''Ensure unrelated attributes do not confuse the dispatcher
-    
+
-    Given the path ``/`` and a root handler with attributes and 
+    Given the path ``/`` and a root handler with attributes and
     methods, the resolver should still return the root handler
     '''
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def test_unrelated():
 
 def test_unresolved():
     '''Ensure that the resolver returns remaining parts
-    
+
     Given the path ``/foo/bar/baz`` and a root handler with no
     children, the resolver should raise
     :py:exc:`~milla.dispatch.UnresolvedPath`
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def test_unresolved():
 
 def test_method():
     '''Ensure the resolver finds an instance method handler
-    
+
     Given the path ``/test`` and a root handler with an instance
     method named ``test``, the resolver should return that method.
     '''
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def test_method():
 
 def test_nested_class():
     '''Ensure the resolver finds a nested class handler
-    
+
     Given the path ``/test`` and a root handler with an inner class
     named ``test``, the resolver should return the inner class.
     '''
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ def test_nested_class():
 
 def test_nested_class_method():
     '''Ensure the resolver finds an instance method of a nested class
-    
+
     Given the path ``/test/test`` and a root handler with an inner
     class named ``test``, which in turn has an instance method named
     ``test``, the resolver should return the ``test`` method of the
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def test_nested_class_method():
 
 def test_attribute():
     '''Ensure the resolver finds a handler in an instance attribute
-    
+
     Given the path ``/test`` and a root handler with an attribute named
     ``test`` containing another class, the resolver should return that
     class.
@@ -130,10 +130,10 @@ def test_attribute():
 
 def test_default():
     '''Ensure the resolver finds the default handler
-    
+
     Given the path ``/test`` and a root handler with a method named
     ``default``, but no method named ``test``, the resolver should
-    return the ``default`` method. 
+    return the ``default`` method.
     '''
 
     class Root(object):
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@ def test_default():
 
 def test_nested_default():
     '''Ensure the resolver finds a nested default handler
-    
+
     Given the path ``/test/bar`` and a root handler with a ``test``
     attribute containing a class instance with a ``default`` method but
     no ``bar`` method, the resolver should return the ``default``

test/test_vary.py

@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+from milla import vary
+import collections
+import functools
+import milla
+import nose.tools
+import sys
+try:
+    from unittest import mock
+except ImportError:
+    import mock
+
+
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+
+def test_renders_decorator():
+    '''renders modifies and returns the decorated object'''
+
+    def func():
+        pass
+
+    func2 = vary.renders('text/html')(func)
+
+    assert func2 is func
+    assert 'text/html' in func.renders
+
+
+def test_default_renderer_decorator():
+    '''default_renderer modifies and returns the decorated object'''
+
+    def func():
+        pass
+
+    func2 = vary.default_renderer(func)
+
+    assert func2 is func
+    assert func.default_renderer
+
+
+def test_variedresponsemeta_renderers():
+    '''VariedResponseMeta adds renderers dict to implementation classes'''
+
+    TestClass = vary.VariedResponseMeta('TestClass', (object,), {})
+
+    assert isinstance(TestClass.renderers, collections.Mapping)
+
+
+def test_variedresponsemeta_default_renderer():
+    '''VariedResponseMeta adds default_type to implementation classes'''
+
+    TestClass = vary.VariedResponseMeta('TestClass', (object,), {})
+
+    assert TestClass.default_type is None
+
+
+def test_variedresponsemeta_renders():
+    '''Test VariedResponseMeta implementation class renderers population'''
+
+    VariedResponse = vary.VariedResponseMeta('VariedResponse', (object,), {})
+
+    class TestClass(VariedResponse):
+
+        @vary.renders('text/html')
+        def render_html(self, context):
+            pass
+
+
+    if PY2:
+        want_func = TestClass.render_html.__func__
+    else:
+        want_func = TestClass.render_html
+    assert TestClass.renderers['text/html'] is want_func
+
+
+def test_variedresponsemeta_default_renderer():
+    '''Test VariedResponseMeta implementation class sets default type'''
+
+    VariedResponse = vary.VariedResponseMeta('VariedResponse', (object,), {})
+
+    class TestClass(VariedResponse):
+
+        @vary.default_renderer
+        @vary.renders('text/html')
+        def render_html(self, context):
+            pass
+
+    assert TestClass.default_type == 'text/html'
+
+
+def test_variedresponsebase_init_super():
+    '''VariedResponseBase.__init__ calls Response.__init__'''
+
+    request = milla.Request.blank('http://localhost/')
+    with mock.patch.object(milla.Response, '__init__') as init:
+        vary.VariedResponseBase(request, 'a', b='c')
+
+    assert init.called_with('a', b='c')
+
+
+def test_variedresponsebase_for_request():
+    '''VariedResponseBase.for_request returns a partial'''
+
+    request = milla.Request.blank('http://localhost/')
+    klass = vary.VariedResponseBase.for_request(request)
+    assert isinstance(klass, functools.partial), klass
+
+
+def test_variedresponsebase_set_payload_set_vary():
+    '''VariedResponseBase.set_payload sets the Vary response header'''
+
+    def render_html(response, context):
+        pass
+
+    request = milla.Request.blank('http://localhost/')
+    response = vary.VariedResponseBase(request)
+    response.renderers['text/html'] = render_html
+    response.set_payload({})
+
+    assert response.headers['Vary'] == 'Accept'
+
+
+def test_variedresponsebase_set_payload_add_vary():
+    '''VariedResponseBase.set_payload adds to the Vary response header'''
+
+    def render_html(response, context):
+        pass
+
+    request = milla.Request.blank('http://localhost/')
+    response = vary.VariedResponseBase(request)
+    response.renderers['text/html'] = render_html
+    response.vary = ('Cookie',)
+    response.set_payload({})
+
+    assert response.headers['Vary'] == 'Cookie, Accept'
+
+
+def test_variedresponsebase_set_payload_match():
+    '''VariedResponseBase.set_payload calls the matching renderer'''
+
+    class State(object):
+        html_called = False
+        json_called = False
+
+    def render_html(response, state):
+        state.html_called = True
+
+    render_html.renders = ('text/html',)
+
+    def render_json(response, state):
+        state.json_called = True
+
+    render_json.renders = ('application/json',)
+
+    def check_type(accept, attr):
+        request = milla.Request.blank('http://localhost/')
+        request.accept = accept
+        response = vary.VariedResponseBase(request)
+        response.renderers = {
+            'text/html': render_html,
+            'application/json': render_json,
+        }
+        state = State()
+        response.set_payload(state)
+
+        assert getattr(state, attr)
+
+    tests = [
+        ('text/html', 'html_called'),
+        ('application/json', 'json_called'),
+    ]
+    for accept, attr in tests:
+        yield check_type, accept, attr
+
+
+@nose.tools.raises(milla.HTTPNotAcceptable)
+def test_variedresponsebase_set_payload_not_acceptable():
+    '''VariedResponseBase.set_payload raises HTTPNotAcceptable'''
+
+    def render_html(response, context):
+        pass
+
+    request = milla.Request.blank('http://localhost/')
+    request.accept = 'text/plain'
+    response = vary.VariedResponseBase(request)
+    response.renderers['text/html'] = render_html
+    response.set_payload({})
+
+
+def test_variedresponsebase_set_payload_default_format():
+    '''VariedResponseBase.set_payload falls back to the default renderer'''
+
+    class State(object):
+        called = False
+
+    state = State()
+
+    def render_html(response, context):
+        state.called = True
+
+    request = milla.Request.blank('http://localhost/')
+    request.accept = 'text/plain'
+    response = vary.VariedResponseBase(request)
+    response.renderers['text/html'] = render_html
+    response.default_type = 'text/html'
+    ctx = {}
+    response.set_payload(ctx)
+
+    assert state.called
+
+
+def test_variedresponsebase_set_payload_renderer_unknown_kwargs():
+    '''VariedResponseBase.set_payload ignores unknown keyword arguments'''
+
+    def render_html(response, context):
+        pass
+
+    request = milla.Request.blank('http://localhost/')
+    response = vary.VariedResponseBase(request)
+    response.renderers['text/html'] = render_html
+    response.set_payload({}, foo='bar')